What are some complex and difficult-to-process iron ores?

Welche Eisenerze sind komplex und schwer aufzubereiten?

April 9th, 2026

There are numerous types of iron-bearing minerals; approximately 300 types have been discovered so far, with over 170 being common. However, under current technological conditions, the main types with industrial value are magnetite, hematite, maghematite, ilmenite, limonite, and siderite. Among these, weakly magnetic iron ores such as limonite, siderite, and hematite are the most difficult to process. The physicochemical properties of weakly magnetic iron minerals and gangue minerals in these difficult-to-process iron ores are shown in Tables 4-11 and 4-12. The reserves of various difficult-to-process iron ores in my country are shown in Table 4-13.

Table 4-11 Physicochemical properties of weakly magnetic iron minerals

type	mineral	Element	Include iron quantity / %	Density (g/ cm³ )	Specific magnetic susceptibility / ( cm³ /g)	Specific conductivity	Mohs hardness
waterless Hematite	Hematite	Fe ₂ O ₃	70.1	4.8～5.3	(40～200)×10-6	2.23	5.5～6.5
	Specimenite	Fe ₂ O ₃	70.1	4.8～5.3	(200～300)×10-6		5.5～6.5
	Illusory hematite	nFe ₂ O ₃ ·mFe ₂ O ₃ (n<m)	about 7 0	4.8～5.3	(500～1000)×10-6
Water content Hematite	Hematite	2FeO ₃ ·H ₂ O	66.1	4.0～5.0	(20～80)×10-6	3.06	1～5.5
	Goethite	Fe ₂ O ₃ ·H ₂ O	62.9	4.0～4.5
	Water needle iron ore	3Fe₂O₃ ·4H ₂ O	60.9	3.0～4.4
	goethite	2Fe₂O₃ ·3H ₂ O	60	3.0～4.2
	Yellow needle iron ore	Fe ₂ O ₃ ·2H ₂ O	57.2	3.0～4.0
	Brownish stone	Fe ₂ O ₃ ·3H ₂ O	52.2	2.5～4.0
Siderite	Siderite	FeCO₃	48.2	3.8～3.9	(40～100)×10-6	2.56	3.5～4.5

Table 4-12 Physicochemical properties of gangue minerals

mineral	Element	iron content/%	density /(g/cm³)	Specific magnetization coefficient /(cm³/g)	Specific conductivity	Mohs hardness
Quarz	SiO₂		2.65	10×10⁻⁶	3～3.5	7
Biotite	(H,K)(Mg,Fe) ₃ [AISi ₂ O ₁₀ ]( OH,F)2	Approximately 20	2.71～3.1	40×10-6	1.73	2.5～3.0
Garnet	(Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn) ₃ (Al,Fe , Mn,Cr,Ti) ₂ ( SO₄ ) ₃	Approximately 22	3.4～4.3	63×10-6	6.48	6.5～7.0
Pyroxene	Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)[(Si,Al) ₂ O ₆ ]	Approximately 41	3.2～3.6		2.17	5-6
amphibole	(Ca,Mg,Al,Fe,Mn,Na2, K₂ )	Approximately 24	2.9～3.4		2.51	5-6
Actinolite	Caz(Mg,Fe) ₃ [Si ₄ On] ₂ (OH) ₂	Approximately 28.8	3～3.2			5-6
Epidote	Caz(Al,Fe)Al ₂ [SiO ₄ J[Si ₂ O ₇ JO(OH)	Approximately 15	3.25～3.45			6-7
Peridot	(Mg,Fe)2 SiO₄	Approximately 44.5	3.3		3.28	6.5～7
calcite	CaCO₃		2.7		3.9	3
dolomite	(Ca,Mg)CO ₃		2.8～2.9		2.95	3.5～4

Table 4-13 Reserves and utilization rates of various types of refractory iron ores in my country

Ore type	Cumulative exploration		keep		Harvested		Utilization /%
Ore type	100 million tons	%	100 million tons	%	100 million tons	%	Utilization /%
Hematite	95.93	72.55	89.91	72.10	6.02	79.98	6.27
Siderite	18.35	13.88	18.25	14.64	0.10	1.33	0.55
goethite	12.30	9.30	10.90	8.74	1.40	18.60	11.39
Specimenite	5.65	4.27	5.64	4.52	0.007	0.09	0.12
total	132.23	100.00	124.71	100.00	7.527	100.00	5.69

Following significant advancements in the beneficiation technology of magnetite and Anshan-type single-quartz hematite, the following deposits are of enormous value . There are still breakthroughs to be made in iron ore beneficiation technology: beneficiation of fine-grained, intercalated Anshan-type lean magnetite ore, and fine- grained intercalated… Anshan-type hematite ore beneficiation, siderite ore beneficiation, limonite ore beneficiation, fine-grained disseminated high-phosphorus hematite (limonite) ore beneficiation, high-phosphorus mandarin orange-shaped hematite ore beneficiation, Baotou Bayan Obo- type iron ore beneficiation, Panzhihua-type vanadium-titanium magnetite. Stone beneficiation, carbonate iron ore beneficiation, Jilin Linjiang antelope stone beneficiation, etc.

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